影響振動篩篩分效果的因素分析

作者：紅星機器  發表于： 2015-12-11 16:55:39

楊帥軍老師 紅星技術工程師

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在礦山加工領域中，將原礦顆粒進行分離一般選用振動篩分法，對應的設備是振動篩。振動(dong)(dong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)分過(guo)程十(shi)分復雜，而影響振動(dong)(dong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)分效果的(de)因(yin)素有(you)很(hen)多，主要有(you)入(ru)料(liao)(liao)性(xing)質、振動(dong)(dong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)性(xing)能(neng)和(he)操(cao)作條件等(deng)(deng)。入(ru)料(liao)(liao)的(de)性(xing)質因(yin)素主要有(you)表(biao)面水分、含泥量、粒度特性(xing)、顆(ke)粒形狀(zhuang)(zhuang)等(deng)(deng)；振動(dong)(dong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)的(de)性(xing)能(neng)因(yin)素主要有(you)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)面長度和(he)寬度、篩(shai)(shai)(shai)孔形狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、篩(shai)(shai)(shai)面運動(dong)(dong)形式(shi)、篩(shai)(shai)(shai)子振幅和(he)頻率、篩(shai)(shai)(shai)面傾角(jiao)、振動(dong)(dong)方向角(jiao)等(deng)(deng)；操(cao)作條件主要有(you)給料(liao)(liao)的(de)數量和(he)質量等(deng)(deng)。

下面(mian)紅星(xing)礦山(shan)機械廠(chang)家討論了(le)顆粒(li)在不(bu)同篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)面(mian)區域(yu)的(de)(de)運動(dong)和(he)分(fen)(fen)離(li)的(de)(de)物理(li)機理(li)，以(yi)及由此對(dui)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率產生的(de)(de)影響。分(fen)(fen)析(xi)不(bu)同篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)面(mian)長度時圓(yuan)(yuan)孔(kong)(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)、方孔(kong)(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)的(de)(de)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率，以(yi)及復雜粒(li)形物料在圓(yuan)(yuan)孔(kong)(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)、方孔(kong)(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)上的(de)(de)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率，分(fen)(fen)析(xi)了(le)復雜粒(li)形物料在圓(yuan)(yuan)孔(kong)(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)、方孔(kong)(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)上篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)時的(de)(de)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率情(qing)況，為振動(dong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)的(de)(de)設計(ji)和(he)研制(zhi)提供了(le)理(li)論支(zhi)持(chi)和(he)參考依據。

1、篩孔尺寸及形狀

篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)面(mian)上常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)孔(kong)(kong)是圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)孔(kong)(kong)（圓(yuan)孔(kong)(kong)）和正方(fang)形(xing)(xing)孔(kong)(kong)（方(fang)孔(kong)(kong)），圓(yuan)孔(kong)(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)和方(fang)孔(kong)(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)別用(yong)直徑(jing)和邊(bian)長來表(biao)示篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)孔(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)尺寸(cun)。篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)孔(kong)(kong)形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)對物料透過篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)孔(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)(de)可能(neng)性、篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)下物的(de)(de)(de)粒(li)度及篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)有效面(mian)積(ji)均有影響。對于不(bu)同篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)孔(kong)(kong)形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)(de)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)機，我們對篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)下物的(de)(de)(de)粒(li)度和篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)孔(kong)(kong)尺寸(cun)的(de)(de)(de)關系結合(he)實際(ji)情況(kuang)和對比分(fen)析的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要，得出篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)開孔(kong)(kong)率(lv)取45%，篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)孔(kong)(kong)尺寸(cun)取13mm。

2、不同篩面長度的圓孔篩、方孔篩的篩分效率

一般情況下(xia)，篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)面寬度(du)決(jue)定(ding)了振動篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)的(de)處理(li)(li)能力(li)，篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)面越(yue)寬，處理(li)(li)能力(li)就(jiu)(jiu)越(yue)大；篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)面長(chang)度(du)決(jue)定(ding)振動篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)的(de)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分效(xiao)率，篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)面越(yue)長(chang)，效(xiao)率就(jiu)(jiu)越(yue)高(gao)。但并非篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)面長(chang)度(du)越(yue)長(chang)越(yue)好，因為當篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)面長(chang)度(du)增加(jia)到一定(ding)值(zhi)時(shi)，繼續增加(jia)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)面長(chang)度(du)，此時(shi)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分效(xiao)率增幅很小，而篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)面太長(chang)則會導致篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)機構造笨重(zhong)，浪費廠(chang)房(fang)空間等(deng)問題，因此篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)面的(de)長(chang)度(du)必須適(shi)當。研(yan)究篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)面長(chang)度(du)對(dui)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分效(xiao)率影(ying)響具有重(zhong)要的(de)實際意義(yi)。

在(zai)研(yan)究篩(shai)面(mian)尺寸對篩(shai)分效率的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang)時(shi)，振動篩(shai)篩(shai)面(mian)寬度系(xi)列按0.3m的(de)(de)(de)間隔(ge)增加(jia)，長度系(xi)列按0.6m的(de)(de)(de)間隔(ge)增加(jia)。在(zai)試驗(yan)研(yan)究中(zhong)，篩(shai)面(mian)尺寸按1∶10縮小(xiao)，因(yin)而篩(shai)面(mian)長度按60mm的(de)(de)(de)整數倍增加(jia)。

隨著篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)面長(chang)(chang)度的(de)增(zeng)大，圓(yuan)孔(kong)(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)、方孔(kong)(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)的(de)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)過程達到穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)狀態所需的(de)時(shi)(shi)間越(yue)來越(yue)長(chang)(chang)，同時(shi)(shi)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)逐(zhu)漸提高，圓(yuan)孔(kong)(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)的(de)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)在70.24%～88.21%之(zhi)(zhi)間，方孔(kong)(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)的(de)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)在95.74%～99.59%之(zhi)(zhi)間。在相同的(de)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)條(tiao)件(jian)下，球形(xing)顆(ke)粒在相同篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)面長(chang)(chang)度的(de)圓(yuan)孔(kong)(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)和(he)方孔(kong)(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)上，當篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)過程達到穩(wen)(wen)定(ding)狀態時(shi)(shi)，方孔(kong)(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)的(de)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)要明顯高于圓(yuan)孔(kong)(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)的(de)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)。

3、復雜粒形物料在圓孔篩、方孔篩上的篩分效率

在物(wu)料的(de)(de)(de)篩(shai)分(fen)(fen)過(guo)程中(zhong)，顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)形(xing)狀對(dui)(dui)(dui)篩(shai)分(fen)(fen)效果(guo)也(ye)具(ju)有顯著的(de)(de)(de)影響，尤其(qi)是(shi)和篩(shai)孔形(xing)狀關系密切。我們(men)采用(yong)了球形(xing)、膠(jiao)囊形(xing)和片狀顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)，分(fen)(fen)別(bie)研(yan)究這3種(zhong)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)在圓(yuan)(yuan)孔篩(shai)面(mian)、方孔篩(shai)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)振動篩(shai)篩(shai)分(fen)(fen)時的(de)(de)(de)篩(shai)分(fen)(fen)效果(guo)。其(qi)中(zhong)，3種(zhong)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)名(ming)(ming)義尺寸(cun)的(de)(de)(de)選取(qu)(qu)以顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)能夠通過(guo)篩(shai)孔的(de)(de)(de)幾何尺寸(cun)為基準，球形(xing)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)取(qu)(qu)直徑(jing)，膠(jiao)囊形(xing)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)取(qu)(qu)圓(yuan)(yuan)柱體部分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)直徑(jing)，片狀顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)取(qu)(qu)長、寬(kuan)和高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)間尺寸(cun)。相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)度(du)則是(shi)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)義尺寸(cun)與篩(shai)孔名(ming)(ming)義尺寸(cun)的(de)(de)(de)比值(zhi)，相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)度(du)在-0.75、0.75～1.0、1.0～1.5、+1.5的(de)(de)(de)顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)分(fen)(fen)別(bie)為易篩(shai)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、難篩(shai)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、阻礙粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、粗大粒(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)。

篩(shai)(shai)面(mian)寬(kuan)度和(he)長(chang)度分(fen)別(bie)取360mm和(he)600mm。在(zai)圓孔篩(shai)(shai)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)振動篩(shai)(shai)上進行篩(shai)(shai)分(fen)時(shi)，球形顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)篩(shai)(shai)分(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率明顯高于片狀顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)和(he)膠(jiao)囊(nang)形顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)篩(shai)(shai)分(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率，球形顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)篩(shai)(shai)分(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率達76.04%；膠(jiao)囊(nang)形顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)篩(shai)(shai)分(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率低，為(wei)(wei)20.89%；片狀顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)篩(shai)(shai)分(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率為(wei)(wei)36.84%；物料的(de)(de)(de)總(zong)篩(shai)(shai)分(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率為(wei)(wei)45.02%。在(zai)方孔篩(shai)(shai)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)振動篩(shai)(shai)上進行篩(shai)(shai)分(fen)試驗(yan)時(shi)，球形顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)篩(shai)(shai)分(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率明顯高于片狀顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)和(he)膠(jiao)囊(nang)形顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)篩(shai)(shai)分(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率，球形顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)篩(shai)(shai)分(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率達到93.45%；膠(jiao)囊(nang)形顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)篩(shai)(shai)分(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率低，為(wei)(wei)42.60%；片狀顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)篩(shai)(shai)分(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率為(wei)(wei)69.09%；物料的(de)(de)(de)總(zong)篩(shai)(shai)分(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率為(wei)(wei)69.90%。球形顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)、膠(jiao)囊(nang)形顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)、片狀顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)篩(shai)(shai)分(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率的(de)(de)(de)差異與顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)形狀及顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)粒(li)(li)(li)名義尺寸的(de)(de)(de)選取有很(hen)大關系。

相同(tong)形(xing)狀的顆(ke)粒(li)(li)在圓(yuan)孔(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)和方孔(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)上進行(xing)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)分試驗時，在方孔(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)上的篩(shai)(shai)(shai)分效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)要明(ming)顯高于在圓(yuan)孔(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)上的篩(shai)(shai)(shai)分效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)，說明(ming)球形(xing)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)、膠囊形(xing)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)、片狀顆(ke)粒(li)(li)更容易透(tou)過(guo)方孔(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)；以(yi)上3種(zhong)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)在方孔(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)和圓(yuan)孔(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)上的篩(shai)(shai)(shai)分效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)差(cha)(cha)分別為17.41%、21.71%、32.25%，總篩(shai)(shai)(shai)分效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)差(cha)(cha)24.88%，說明(ming)片狀顆(ke)粒(li)(li)在圓(yuan)孔(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)和方孔(kong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)上篩(shai)(shai)(shai)分效(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)果差(cha)(cha)別大，膠囊形(xing)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)次之(zhi)，球形(xing)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)差(cha)(cha)別小。

經過以(yi)上(shang)(shang)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析，確(que)定篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)面長度和篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)孔形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)對篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)過程均具(ju)有(you)重要(yao)(yao)影響(xiang)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)相同(tong)開孔率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)前提下，不同(tong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)孔類(lei)型的(de)(de)振動(dong)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)的(de)(de)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)均隨篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)面長度的(de)(de)增大而提高(gao)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)、膠(jiao)囊形(xing)(xing)(xing)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)、片狀(zhuang)(zhuang)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)的(de)(de)粗細粒(li)(li)含量均相等的(de)(de)情況下，在(zai)(zai)(zai)圓(yuan)孔篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)和方孔篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)上(shang)(shang)進(jin)行(xing)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)試驗時，球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)高(gao)，片狀(zhuang)(zhuang)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)的(de)(de)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)次之，膠(jiao)囊形(xing)(xing)(xing)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)低。相同(tong)形(xing)(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)在(zai)(zai)(zai)圓(yuan)孔篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)和方孔篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)上(shang)(shang)進(jin)行(xing)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)試驗時，在(zai)(zai)(zai)方孔篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)要(yao)(yao)明(ming)顯(xian)高(gao)于在(zai)(zai)(zai)圓(yuan)孔篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)率(lv)(lv)，球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)、膠(jiao)囊形(xing)(xing)(xing)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)、片狀(zhuang)(zhuang)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)更容易透(tou)過方孔篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)；片狀(zhuang)(zhuang)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)在(zai)(zai)(zai)圓(yuan)孔篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)和方孔篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)篩(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)(shai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)效(xiao)(xiao)果差別大，膠(jiao)囊形(xing)(xing)(xing)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)次之，球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)(xing)(xing)顆(ke)粒(li)(li)差別小(xiao)。